Introduction
- The Indian dairy industry is contributing significantly to the
country's economy, besides improving the health standards by increasing
the nutrition value of the food.
- The value of output from dairy sector increased to Rs. 5,00,510
million in 1994-95 from Rs. 2,75,080 million in 1990 and is expected
to reach the level of Rs. 8,50,000 million by the year 2000 A.D.
- India occupies first position in the world having a total bovine
population of 288 million compared to the world's total bovine population
of 1420 million.
- As per 1992 livestock census, the country has about 62.90 million
breedable cows and 42.46 million breedable buffaloes.
- The cross bred cattle are predominant in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, while buffaloes are very common
in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Punjab, Bihar, Karnataka, Haryana and Tamil Nadu.
- There has been a major improvement in milk production which increased
from 17 million tones in 1951 to 70.1 million tones in 1997 and
the growth was maximum between 1980 and 1990.
- Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharastra, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Bihar contributed to the
extent of 85 percent of the total milk production in the country.
- Today, India is the second largest producer of milk in the world
after the United States of America. The present per capita availability
of milk is 205 gms as against the ICMR recommendation of 250 gms.
- The statewise milk production during 1992-93 and targets for 1996-97
alongwith the per capita availability of milk are given in Annexure
I.
- In 1970 under the aegis of NDDB, "Operation Flood" programme
was launched to modernize the dairy sector and flood the four metro
cities with from dairy cooperatives.
- By the end of 1996-97, 74, 383 village milk producers cooperatives
were organised in 264 districts with an average rural milk procurement
of 12.26 million litres per day.
- Another step was taken in 1989, to augment rural income by launching
Technological Mission on Dairy Development (TMDD), which aims at
applying modern technology to improve productivity, reduce costs
of operation and thus ensure greater availability of milk and dairy
products.
Milk procurement and processing
- The organized dairy sector (both co-operative and private) is
presently handling only 10-12 percent of total milk production in
the country.
- The targets and achievements of milk production, procurement and
processing in co-operative sector by the end of VIII Five Year Plan
are given in Annexure II.
- Thus it indicates, there is a wide scope for processing of milk
and manufacture of milk products for domestic consumption as well
as export.
Export performence
- Dairy products form one of the fastest growing segments in the
livestock produce export.
- The major products exported are malted milk foods, ghee and cheese
(to some extent) to the countries like Bangladesh, UAE, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Bahrain and Oman.
Export potential and marketing
- Bangladesh, United Arab Emirates, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Oman
are the potential countries for export of malted milk products,
butter and ghee.
- The export of milk and milk products to currently existing markets
would increase to Rs. 285 million and to new markets to Rs. 155
million. Thus exports are likely to touch Rs.440 million by the
turn of the century.
- The GATT agreement further gave a boost to the dairy industry, as
India has a comparative cost advantage in regard to milk production.
- NABARD has been actively involved in credit disbursement in a number
of schemes in dairy sector.
- It also encourages development of new products through its Research
and Development Fund besides guiding various entrepreneurs in new
areas of business and technology.
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Principles
- Dairy industry has come to play an important role in rural development.
By organising milk production along scientific lines and processing
and marketing of milk products or business lines, lot of incentive
is being given to the rural produces to produce more milk and be
benefited.
- It also helps the urban consumer to get milk and milk products in
good clean condition neatly packed and at competitive price.
In olden days dairying was considered to be subsidairy occupation
to agriculture.
- But the recent trend is that the people consider dairying as a primary
/ major occupation because of regular income all through the year.
Research workers say that a good, healthy dairy cow in equal to
one acre of land.
Principles to be followed to maintain a profitable dairy
enterprise:
- Selection of highly graded exotic animals
- Proper detection of heat
- Insemination should be done by a right person at proper time and
at the right place
- Prompt diagnosis of pregnancy should be carried out by an experienced
man
- Proper care and management of pregnant animals
- Scientific rearing of cows should be adopted
- Ensure whether the heifers are regularly coming to heat or not
- Good quality fodder should be fed to the animals
- Feeding of lactating cows should be done according to its milk yield
- Wastage of feed should be avoided
- Ensure regular calvings in the farm i.e. "calf a year"
in obtained
- Proper diagnosis and control of diseases
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Indian dairy industry
- India is recognized as a biggest and fastest growing markets
in the world for milk and milk products.
- So all the countries are looking at Indian dairy industry markets
for exports. As per the WTO norms, the milk produced in India is
yet to get the certificate for high quality.
- As per GATT agreement the export subsidy is reduced. Because of
this we are expecting major changes in dairy industry of North America,
Europe and Australia.
- India may also get some advantage in this situation. After reduction
in subsidies given by other countries India would be able to compete
with their products efficiently on price in international markets.
- At present India has negligible exports to international markets.
These are at present are dominated by European union, Newzeland,
Australia and America.
- These countries constitute 85% of the world export. Newzeland, Australia
export 80.98% and 50% of there dairy products respectively.
- During 1999-2000 7.8 crore tones of milk was produced by India followed
by 7.1 crore tones by U.S.A. and 3.9 crore tones, by Russia.
- In India 46% of the milk produced is consumed as whole milk, 28%
as ghee, 7% as butter, 8% as curd, 7% as Koa and 4% as milk powder
/ ice-creams. In 1950 our country produced 1.7 crore tones of milk
which increased by 5.5% every year till 1998 to reach 7.8 crore
tones because of "operation flood programme". In 1999
it reached 8.19 crores while in 2000 it is expected to reach 8.6
crores.
- Because of this improvement in milk production the per capita availability
of milk in 1970 is 112 gms while 1998-99 it increased to 211 gms.
- Both public and private sector have contributed to the dairy industry
growth in India. Government dairy distributes 90% of its milk in
sachets or in containers while remaining 10%is marketed as butter,
ghee etc.
- on contrary, private sector only markets 20% of milk and remaining
80% of milk is made into preparations suitable for exports.
- Some exporters were not successful in dairy business as they did
not maintain quality and hygiene.
- We have to develop export markets for milk products. For this we
need scientifically process the milk to prepare ice-creams, flavoured,
milk of high quality. Excess milk has to be converted to Lactose,
Kanian etc., which can be exported to developing countries.
- Though India is No. 1 in milk production it is unfortunate that
we are importing milk products from other countries.
- During last financial year we exported 40 crore worth of milk products
and imported Rs. 97 crore worth products.
- By increasing tax from 0-60% on imports we could reduce imports
this year but as per GATT agreement we have to reduce this tax to
15% on imports. Since we do not have good technology for production
of skim milk powder we are forced to import them from Europe and
Newzeland.
- We should encourage Indian entrepreneurs to export dairy products
instead of allowing MNCs. We need to create brand name for Indian
dairy companies.
- By creating new markets in Asia we can create demand for extra 30
lakh tones dairy products. Because of "GATT" the exports
of European Union are reducing. Australia and Newzeland together
are producing 1.2 crore tones per annum. They are not able to increase
their production further.
- Today Russia is importing large quantities of milk products due
to 25% reduction in milk production. India has very good relationships
with Russia so this should help us to increase our exports to Russia.
So our country should produce best quality milk and try to export
to countries like Asia, Africa etc.
Milk production in India
|
Year
|
Milk production (Million tonnes)
|
1950
|
17.0
|
1960
|
20.0
|
1968
|
21.2
|
1973
|
23.2
|
1980
|
31.6
|
1990
|
53.9
|
1995
|
66.3
|
1996
|
70.8
|
1997
|
74.3
|
1998
|
78.0
|
1999
|
81.9
|
2000
|
86.0
|
50 years livestock development
Year
|
Milestones
|
1892
|
- Establishment of Civil Veterinary Department
|
1944
|
- Establishment of Serum Institute (VBRI)
|
1948
|
- C.V.D. renamed as Animal Husbandry Department
|
1949
|
- Supply of Breeding Bulls under premium bull scheme
|
1955
|
- Introduction of Key Village Scheme & Artificial
Insemination
|
1959
|
- Introduction of Cross breeding Programme
|
1961
|
- Establishment of Semen Banks
|
1964
|
- Introduction of Intensive cattle Development Blocks
|
1971
|
- Launching of Operation Flood I - Biggest Dairy Development
project
|
1974
|
- Starting of Intensive Sheep development projects
|
1975
|
- Functioning of Indo
Swiss Project
|
1976
|
- Reorganisation of
the Animal Husbandry Department
|
1976
|
- IIntroduction of Livestock Projection Programmes for
Weaker Sections
|
1977
|
- Formation of A.P. Meat and Poultry Development Corporation
|
1981
|
|
1981
|
- Formation A.P. Dairy Development Co-operative Federation
|
1984
|
- Introduction of
Frozen Semen Technology
|
1985
|
- Upgradation of Taluk Level Hospitals
|
1985
|
|
1988
|
- Technological Mission
for Dairy Development
|
1991
|
- Launching of National Project on Rinderpest Eradication
|
1992
|
- Formation of A.P. Sheep Development Co-operative Federation
|
1995
|
- Control of Rinderpest disease by Mass Vaccination
|
1998
|
- Formation of Andhra Pradesh Livestock Development
Agency
|
Abundant Livestock Wealth
- Andhra Pradesh is well known for its livestock wealth. The State
has the world famous breed of Ongole Cattle and Aseel breed of poultry
which is the principle source for the development of broiler breeds
in the world.
- Andhra Pradesh is also famous for Nellore breed of Sheep, which
is well known for quality mutton production.
- Presently Andhra Pradesh stands first in poultry population (498.84
lakhs) second in buffalo (91.40 lakhs) and sheep population (77.87
lakhs), third in pig population (6.48 lakhs) fourth in bovine population
(200.79 lakhs) and seventh in goat population (43.29 lakhs) in the
country.
Trends in Livestock Population:
- During the period from 1956 to 1983, buffalo and cattle population
increased by 46% and 17% respectively. During 1983-1993 buffalo
population has marginally increased by 5% but the cattle population
decreased by 18%, while there is an increase of 23% in crossbred
cattle and decrease of 13% in non-descript cattle. Adult female
cross-bred cattle have increased by 44.7% between 1987-1993.
- The most significant trend has been the remarkable increase in
female buffaloes by 97%. There is an increase in female young
stock and decrease in male young stock. The trends reflect a change
in priority from draught animal production to milch animal production.
- The sheep population remained more or less constant, while there
is slight increase in goat population. However, the most significant
growth is seen in poultry with a fourfold increase in their population.
Livestock population, over various census periods
S. No.
|
Livestock |
1956 |
1966 |
1972 |
1977 |
1987 |
1993
|
1
|
Cattle |
112.76
|
123.41
|
125.07
|
120.40
|
123.74
|
109.47
|
2
|
Buffaloes |
59.67
|
67.90
|
70.56
|
71.62
|
87.57
|
91.32
|
3
|
Bovine |
172.43
|
191.32
|
195.64
|
192.02
|
211.23
|
200.79
|
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Dairying
with buffaloes has the following advantages
- Complements crop production
- Utilizes marginal lands and non-marketable farm products
- Utilizes readily available family labour
- Requires minimal cash and technology
- Non-market oriented production with low degree of economic risk
- Have 5% higher digestibility of crude fibre than high yielding cows
- Have 4-5% higher efficiency of utilization of metabolic energy for
milk production
- Can gain as much as 1 kg body weight per day on good quality roughages
and concentrates
- Produce milk with 7% fat
- Can be maintained wholly on stall fed conditions
- Utilize cellulosic wastes and other agro-industrial by products
efficiently
- Can digest crude fat, calcium, phosphorus and non-protein nitrogen
more efficiently than other ruminants
- Have superior ability to handle wide range of grazing one as and
Have higher dry matter intake with longer retention time in the
digestive tract
Livestock is reared by small farmers so as to
- Reduce the risks of crop failure
- Accumulate capital (as savings)
- Render services (e.g.: draught, traction, organic manure, fuel)
- Provide food / nutrition and generate steady income and
- Cater to the cultural needs
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Live stock
production in India
- The production levels of major livestock products like Milk,
Eggs and Meat are the indices of progress in livestock sector.
- The milk production has increased from 2.0 million tons per annum
in 1980 to 4.47 million tons in 1996-97 implying an annual growth
rate to 161 gms inspite of rapid growth in human population, which
is a remarkable achievement. Similarly per capita availability of
eggs increased from 5 per annum in 1950 to 75 in 1996-97.
- The present estimated production of Milk is 4.47 million tons, 5659
million Eggs and 102 thousand tons of Meat per annum. The overall
value of various livestock products and byproducts in the state
is estimated to be around Rs. 3,364 crores per annum (1994).
- Significant emphasis is laid on Livestock Development Programmes
in
9th plan with an overall objective of enhancing the production
levels of Milk, Meat and Eggs. It has been envisaged to increase
the per capita consumption of Milk from 161 gms to 214 gms, Eggs
from 75 to 90 and
Meat from 1.5 kg to 3 kg by the end of the 9th
plan to meet the nutritional needs of our population.
Present status and Prospectus of livestock production in
India
- Increased animal production would be almost a by product of
general economic development
- Additional feeds for livestock, particularly green forages and cereal
grains were expected to become available once immediate human food
needs were met.
- Livestock numbers would decrease with the mechanization of agriculture
and as farmers recognise the advantages of keeping one good animal
rather than several poor ones
- From the projected figures of 2000, it is contrary to believe that
livestock population is likely to be reduced along with increased
productivity from the use of superior genetic material, the population
of livestock has increased steadily with moderate increase in production.
The number of livestock and their production figures increased in
1991.
- Reduction in number would further improve the feed availability
leading to still greater productivity
- Rising prosperity would create demand for animal products
- To assist this general livestock development, programmes of breed
improvement, health care, extension, training, education, research
developments have been launched.
Present status
- The National Commission on Agriculture (NCA) has observed that
the production per animal has not increased, nor have the livestock
numbers decreased.
- The cattle population has inconsistently increased from 1950-51
to 1993 at an overall rate of 3.52 percent per annum
- The buffalo population during the same period has increased more
consistently at an overall rate of 1.40 percent per annum
- The milk and meat production during the same period increased at
an overall rate of 1.46 and 5.10 percent per annum respectively.
- Both population and animal production have steadily increased
- The faster rate of growth in cow milk as compared to buffalo milk
after 1977 has been recorded which may be due to contribution of
crossbreeds whose number became about on million in 1992.
Prospects
- Increase in cultivated area
- Greater amounts of feed stuffs available as a result of expansion
in the cultivated area
- Higher yields of wheat and rice straws and bran
- Increased intensity of grazing on public lands which is not regulated
- The role of economics of livestock production from a farmer's and
a landless owner's point of view
- Fragmentation of land holdings
- Intensive multiple cropping
Future trend
- Indian crop-livestock system may have to gradually shift to
increase the farmer's income
- It seems that with increasing urbanization, development of transport
infrastructure and increasing population density, there will continue
to be a faster increase in demand of milk, meat and eggs which perhaps
has been responsible for faster rate of growth of these products
during 1982-92 period. This trend is likely to continue.
- In view of economic development, improved transport infrastructure,
substitution of animal draft power with mechanical power and farm
yard manure with chemical fertilizers, the traditional complement
between crop and livestock in terms of providing draft power for
tillage and transport, farm yard manure for soil fertility maintenance
and improved labour productivity through improve nutrition might
be disappearing.
- Due to reason discussed, the livestock productivity is likely
to increase further. However, for increased productivity, the
programmes related to productivity have to be strengthened.
For enhancing livestock productivity the various programmes
launched include
- Development of infrastructure viz, network of veterinary hospitals,
dispensaries, first-aid centers, located within 5 km of villages;
Key Villages Blocks (KVB), Intensive Cattle Development Projects
(ICDP), Central Cattle Breeding farms, Military Dairy Farms, State
Animal Husbandry Departments, Co-operative Dairy Federations, Central
& State Agricultural Research & Training Institutions including
ICAR institutions like National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources
etc.
- These facilities provide superior male germ palsm of important indigenous
breeds, exotic dairy breeds and buffaloes, maintain indigenous and
exotic breeds, records performance data, maintain herd books, maintain
data and gene bank for rare and endangered species.
- Projects launched viz, to modernize India's dairy industry and to
flood the metros with milk:
- Anad pattern dairy co-operative have been started under the aegis
of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) called "Operation
Flood" Technology Mission on Dairy Development (TMDD) was launched
to apply modern technology to improve productivity.
- Breeding strategies viz., introduction of crossbred cows, emphasis
on gentic improvement of buffaloes.
- Management and health care strategies include design of cheap houses
and equipments which can optimise production under different agro-clmatic
conditions, disease prevention and control diagnostic service and
the development of immuno-biologicals, strengthening of pharmaceutical
industry.
- Marketing, credit and insurance strategies viz. Formulation of rational
pricing policy, providing credit along with technical inputs for
various livestock's activities through bank like National Bank of
Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD), Gram Vikas Bank, Rural
Development Banks (and the system of lead banks and by the National
Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC) for co-operatives.
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Project for
dairy industry
Type of projects
The type of milk processing plants projects that are normally considered for financial assistance are.
Milk chilling plants
- It involves collection of milk from the villages, chilling the
milk to 3-40 C and transporting to the main dairy for further processing
it and manufacturing of products.
Market Milk Plants
- It involves procurement of milk from the villages, chilling,
pasteurization, homogenization, packing of milk of various brands
(whole, standardized, toned and double toned milk) and supplying
them to the consumers. The surplus fat is converted into ghee or
table butter or sold as cream of bakeries.
- Composite Milk Processing Plants : It involves the collection of
milk and processing into market milk and products like milk powder,
cheese, butter, ghee, etc.
Potential areas
- The scope for financing milk processing activities exists in
the entire country. However, it is limited in East and North Eastern
parts of the country because of under utilization of existing processing
capacity, low milk production and scatteredness of production base.
Project details
Land and location
- Ample space is required for buildings, future expansion, parking
of transport vehicles and for empty cans. About two acres of land
is required for a milk processing plant handling about 10000 litres
of milk per day (8 hours). However the built up area to total area
should be around 1:3 ratio.
- The location of a plant should be close to the milk producing area
in case of products manufacturing unit and if liquid milk is the
main product it should be close to the consumer.
- The location of site should have proximity to road/rail facilities,
services, such as water, electricity and effluent mains, social
infrastructure, etc.
- The subsoil of the site should be firm with proper drainage.
Layout and buildings
- The civil works comprises of factory building, quarters, office,
garages, security post etc.
- he factory building for the milk reception, quality control, processing,
packing and storage of milk products should be as per the BIS.
- The total covered area depends on the processes involved, products
manufactured, the quantity of milk handled and the equipment chosen
for services and product manufacturing. About 4000 sq. ft. area
of building is required for handling 10000 litres of milk.
Plant and machinery
- The section-wise equipment required, their specifications, quantity,
source of purchase and costs are to be given. The machinery should
be as per the BIS. Most of the dairy machinery are manufactured
in the country by ALFA-LAVAL, L&T, HMT, Nichrome Pvt Ltd, Samarpan
Fabricators, Goma Engineering Ltd, etc.
PROJECT AT A GLANCE FOR 10000 LITRES
MODEL MILK PROCESSING PLANT
- Land requirement : 2 acres
- Milk handling capacity : 10000 litres/day
- Products to be manufactured : Toned milk, Standard milk, cream,
Ghee
- Market : Domestic
- Cost of the project : Rs. 116.581 lakhs
- Bank loan : Rs. 87.436 lakhs
- Margin money (Down payment) : Rs. 29.145 lakhs
- Financial viability (at 15% DF) :
- B C R : 1.12 : 1
- N P W : Rs. 134.75 lakhs
- I R R : > 50%
- F R R (Considering income tax liability) : > 50%
- Repayment period : 6 years with one year grace period
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