- The
farmer, in a remuneration point of view, must attend to certain
primary processing operations like threshing, winnowing, cleaning,
drying, grading, polishing, milling etc. With Post harvest technologies
appropriate for cost, time and labour saving towards enhancement
of quality and marketability to his produce by value addition and
by products utilization he should use the related post harvest machinery
and equipment. He should transform himself from more produce
to producer-cum-processor to get more remunerative price
and profits by increasing quality by value addition and efficient
utilization of byproducts besides reducing post harvest losses.
1) Threshing of Paddy by power thresher:
- Power threshers are recommended for threshing paddy crop due
to its multiple advantages like low investment, high threshing efficiency,
low operational cost compared to traditional tractor threshing.
It has additional advantages of simultaneous winnowing and cleaning,
besides threshing. Under utilization of tractor of 35 hp power can
be avoided, as the job of threshing to the same extent could be
achieved by expending only 7-10hp, in case of power thresher. About
5-6 litres of diesel could be saved, besides increased output of
1-2 bags of paddy which otherwise goes as threshing loss in case
of tractor threshing. Under utilisatoin of 35 hp tractor for a 10hp,
job of threshing, if avoided would go a long way in public and national
perspective by saving fuel energy.
2) Threshing benches:
- Threshing benches either with wire mesh top or with perforated
M.S.Sheet may be used in place of wooded benches for threshing the
paddy crop as they are more efficient and have more service life.
Four men can thresh about 25 bags of paddy in a day. Each threshing
bench costs about Rs.600/-.
3) Winnowing machines for grain cleaning:
- Hand and power operated (Power tiller, tractor or small engine
operated) winnower can separate chaff, dust etc. from grain. About
500-800 kg of grain can be winnowed in one hour. These machinery
are much useful when wufficient winds (velocity) are not available
and during unfavourable weather conditions.
4) Husk fired furnace dryer for drying of paddy:
- A half ton capacity husk fired furnace type batch dryer can
dry paddy from 25% moisture content to 13% moisture content
in a matter of 4-5h. It is much useful when sun drying is not practicable
in inclement weather during rainy season and under sudden cyclone
threat conditions.
5) Agricultural waste fired chilli dryer and its utilisation as multipurpose dryer to dry other crops:
- A two quintal capacity chilli dryer designed and developed at
this centre can dry red ripe chillies from 70% moisture content
to 15% moisture content in 20 hours compared to 12-15 days in sun
drying. The chillies dried by this dryer retained colour for a longer
time during storage compared to sun dried produce and are dust free
with high quality and appearance. Drying can be done from the crop
refuse or paddy husk. This dryer could be used as multipurpose dryer
from drying other crops like turmeric, groundnut and coconut.
a) Drying of turmeric
- Drying of turmeric with the chilli dryer is advantageous in
time and cost saving. The result of the trials showed 65.47% of
time saving and 7.8% of cost saving compared to traditional method
of sun drying. It took 58 hours to dry turmeric of 79.24% moisture
content to 12.5% level against 168 hours of time taken for the similar
level of drying in open yard drying.
b) Drying of groundnut
- The rapid chilli dryer was also evaluated for drying groudnut.
When dried at 40-43 0C it took 25 hours compared to 4-5 days required
in open yard sun drying for bringing down the moisture content from
28% to 8%. There was no adverse effect on germination of the seed
of the produce dried by the chilli dryer.
6. a) Mini Dhal Mill
- The mini dhal mill plant was developed with suitable accessories
and attachments like drying cum-storage bin with husk fired heat
exchanger system, sieve set, mixer for pre-treatment with oil and
water to the CIAE dhal mill thus mechanising all the processing
operations involved in dhal making. It will separate dehusked wholes.
It can run with a 3 h.p motor and can mill 150 to 160 kgs of blackgram
per hour with 65% to 70% wholes and 15% to 18% splits recovery,
thus about 80% -82% dhal recovery compared to only 70-75% in traditional
method.
b) TANU-Power operated mini dhal mill
- The mini-dhal mill was trail tested. It is capable of splitting
30kg of blackgram per hour with a recovery of 83.5% split half grains
with 12% of brokens. In respect to green gram it can mil 32 kg/hr.
with recovery of 80% splits and 17% brokens.
7) Turmeric Grader
- The ANGRAU turmeric grader designed and developed by this centre
can grade about 400 kg of Turmeric in an hour into four fractions
namely bulbs, fingers (3cm length and above), Polishable Nali (2
to 3cm length) and unpolishable Nali (less than 2cm length) in a
single pass, thus eliminates tedious and laborious manual grading.
This also facilitates better quality and value addition to get higher
remunerative price.
8) Turmeric Polisher
a) Hand operated turmeric polisher
- Hand operated ANGRAU turmeric polisher developed at this centre
can be used for both preliminary and secondary polishing, replacing
traditional method of shuftling and rubbing in gunny bags and use
of wooden log attached palmyrah leaves in bullock trading method.
It has the capacity to polish 500kg of turmeric rhizomes per hour
compared to only 100-200 kg/hr in the farmers traditional
method.
b) Power operated turmeric polisher
- With suitable alterations and further attachments like 2 h.p
motor, V-belt and chain drive mechanism and gear system, the hand
operated turmeric polisher was converted into power operated turmeric
polisher. It can run at 30-32 rpm. with the attachment of gears
and V-belt. The power operated ANGRAU Turmeric polisher can polish
about 600-700kg of turmeric in an hour with 98% polishing efficiency.
9) Low cost measuring device for determining colour intensity of agricultural produce.
- Colour reflectometer designed and developed at this centre can
be successfully used to determine yellowness of turmeric (curcumin
content) and redness.
10) Batch type rice bran stabilizer for stabilization of rice bran
- Stabilization of rice bran with rice bran stabilizer at 100
0C for 10minutes controls the increase in free fatty acid up to
28 days in storage, by inactivation of lipase enzyme. This facilitates
extraction of edible grade oil, thus helps in better utilization
of rice bran the by-product of rice milling industry.
11) Chilli seed extractor
- This machine is used for extracting seed from dry chilles successfully.
Dry chillies (or 11% moisture content) were cut into pieces by the
extractor and are collected at the outlet. Seed is seperated from
the pericarp by a built in separation mechanism. The machine can
extract seed in 4 quintals of pods in a day of 8 hours with 99%
extraction efficiency. Thus, it facilitates in elimination of not
only physical drudgery but also scorching and pungency that hinder
the extraction in traditional manual extraction.
12) Safe Storage of groundnut
a) Drying and storage structures
- Groundnut has to be dried to less than 9% moisture for safe
storage, which can be stored in upto 6months without loss of viability
and free from aflatoxin contamination. The groundnut can better
be stored in 1) loosely knitted gunny bags 2) compactly knitted
gunny bags 3) nylon bags and 4) polythene lined gunny bags.
b) Viability of groundnut in storage
- TMV-2 variety of groundnut maintained high viability (83%) with
lesser fungal growth (16%) at 240 days of storage while the viability
was least in K-150 (24%) followed by K-3 (21.6%) indicating their
unsuitability for storage as seed. The viability was 79% in K-1186,
73% in K-153 and 67% in K-1143 at 180 days of storage. However the
viability of these varieties drastically fell below 35% level by
240 day of storage.
13) Safe storages of pulses
- Pulses can be safely stored in nylon bags, polythene lined gunny
bags for up to 6months provided the grain is properly dried before
storage. Mixing of 250g of edible oil per quintal of pulses is beneficial
in safe storage.
- 14) Chilli storage
- Chillies stored in amber coloured polythene bags were found to retain
colour for longer period of storage. Mechanically dried chillies
showed higher colour value in chillies during storage than that
open yard sun dried produce.
15) Biochemical changes in paddy during storage
- Paddy stored up to 10-12 months was found to improve its quality
without change in their milling and culinary properties. However,
beyond 18 months of storage, there is deterioration in its milling
and culinary properties.
16) Use of plant origin materials for safe storage of pulses
- Among the different plant origin materials and inert materials
tried against pulse beetle C.maculatus infestation in stored pulses,
neem oil at 0.25% or 0.5% level of mixing with the pulse grain was
found to be the best in preventing the damage of stored pulse up
to 195 days of storage. Mixing of vegetable oils at 0.25% or 0.5%
also protected the pulses from damage by pulse beetle up to 300
days of storage.
17) Cucumin content in stored turmeric varieties
- The curcumin content in stored turmeric varieties progressively
decreased with length of storage period. Among the varieties tested
the decrease in curcumir content in storage was higher with Mydukur
followed by PCT-14 and TC-2.
18) Chemical treatment of copra to prevent fungal damage
- Mature coconut halves treated with solutions of 1% acetic acid,
sodium bicarbonate & sodium chloride protected the copra from
spoilage due to fungal infection.
19) Suitability of storage containers for storage of tamarind
- Tamarind gained moisture when stored in mud pots and gunny bags
with reduced total acidity compared to the produce stored in polythene
bag, tetrapack or glass bottle. The acidity of samples stored in
tetra pack was highest followed by polythene bags, whereas it was
least in case of the samples stored in gunny bags followed by mudpots.
None of the structures however could prevent discolouration of stored
tamarind, as it is temperature dependent.
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